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| 1939 |
| | Robert Menzies, leader of the United Australia Party, becomes Australia's prime minister | |
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| 1939 |
| | Australian author Patrick White publishes his first novel, Happy Valley | |
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| 1941 |
| | Australian prime minister Robert Menzies is forced to resign after losing the confidence of his cabinet | |
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| 1941 December 7 |
| | Without warning, 400 Japanese planes attack and destroy US warships at anchor in Pearl Harbor | |
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| 1942 February 19 |
| | Japanese aircraft attack Australia, bombing Darwin's harbour and air force base | |
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| 1942 March 8 |
| | The Japanese invasion of Papua signals the start of the three-year New Guinea campaign | |
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| 1942 May 31 |
| | Three Japanese midget submarines penetrate Sydney harbour in Australia | |
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| 1942 June 7 |
| | US planes sink four Japanese aircraft carriers in the battle of Midway, halting for the first time Japan's aggressive expansion | |
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| 1942 August 7 |
| | US and Japanese forces begin a violent six-month struggle for Guadalcanal, one of the Solomon Islands | |
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| 1943 February 9 |
| | After a six-month battle, US troops win the Pacific base of Guadalcanal from the Japanese | |
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